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Social Wellbeing & Policy Indicator Ranking Results
Healthy Reefs for Healthy People
Social Well-being/Policy Issue Social Wellbeing/Policy questions Indicator Measurement Type Spatial level Criteria I Criteria II Criteria III Criteria IV Criteria V
Pressure State Response National Regional Local  Relevance to the MAR Data Availability Scientific Soundness Management responsiveness Transparency and Understandability
1. Population dynamics Are population dynamics sustainable? Population living in coastal areas  –    Dynamics of population within a certain distance from the coast (national or watershed level; district level, coastal urban centers) x     x x   Moderate Moderate High Low High
Migration rate –    Difference between the number of in-migrants and out-migrants   x     x x Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Low
2. Poverty Are income levels distributed fairly? Income levels and composition  –    Income levels and composition by household    x   x x x Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
Are current policies addressing the reduction and eradication of poverty? Population below national poverty line  –    Proportion of the population with a standard of living below the national poverty line   x   x x x Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
3. Sanitation  Are existing policies addressing the reduction of nutrients and organic matter?  Population served by wastewater treatment systems –    Proportion of population served by biological and/or chemical wastewater treatment systems     x x x x High Low Moderate Moderate High
Is there equity in the access to sanitation? Population with access to improved sanitation  –    Proportion of population with access to sanitation facilities      x x x x High Moderate Moderate Moderate High
4. Coastal development  What is the demand for land in the coastal area?  Area of urban formal and informal settlements –    Change in the area occupied by formal and informal settlements x       x x Moderate Low Moderate Low Moderate
Is the coastline being artificialized? Built-up area in the coastal zone –    Changes in hard surface in the coastal area  x       x x Low Low Moderate Low Moderate
5. Tourism  Is tourism carrying capacity being reached in some sites?  Tourism intensity  –    Number of hotels and rooms x     x x x Moderate Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
–    Number of tourism arrivals and/or stays, including reef-based activities)
–    Number of berths and moorings in marinas
–    Value of tourism economy
Are forms of sustainable tourism being introduced? Tourism services  –    Number of hotels provided with essential services     x x x x Moderate Low Low Low High
–    Number of environmental certification for tourism establishments awarded 
6. Fisheries and aquaculture  Is fishing carried out on a sustainable basis? Fishing pressure  –    Total catch of commercial fish, crustaceans and shellfish species by area  x     x x x High High High Moderate High
–    Value of catch 
Is aquaculture development occurring at the expenses of priority habitats?  Aquaculture development  –    Total area occupied for aquaculture siting   x     x x x High Low Moderate Moderate Moderate
–    Total aquaculture production 
–    Total value of aquaculture production 
7. Agriculture  Is intensive agriculture posing environmental threats?  Pesticides and fertilizers [in alternative, land use change in watershed] –    Pesticides and fertilizers (100 grams/ha of arable land) x     x x   High Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate
Is agriculture progressing towards more sustainable forms? Area under organic farming  –    Proportion of agriculture area certified for sustainable farming practices      x x x   High Moderate Moderate Moderate High
8. Marine transportation  Is marine transportation posing environmental threats? Transportation of oil and chemicals by ships –    Quantities of oil and chemicals transported by ships  x     x x x High Moderate Moderate Low Moderate
Are ports equipped to treat ship wastes? Port reception facilities for ship wastes –    Percent major ports equipped with ship waste collection facilities      x x x   Moderate Moderate Moderate Low High
Ranking results are adapted from: Maffi et al., draft report for World Bank (2004).